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John Carlos Baezundefined

John Carlos Baez

@johncarlosbaez@mathstodon.xyz
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  • @dougmerritt saw an interesting question on Physics Stack Exchange.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    @dougmerritt -

    "While nuclear pasta has not been observed in a neutron star, its phases are theorized to exist in the inner crust of neutron stars, forming a transition region between the conventional matter at the surface and the ultra-dense matter at the core.

    Towards the top of this transition region, the pressure is great enough that conventional nuclei will be condensed into much more massive semi-spherical collections. These formations would be unstable outside the star, due to their high neutron content and size, which can vary between tens and hundreds of nucleons. This semispherical phase is known as the gnocchi phase.

    When the gnocchi phase is compressed, as would be expected in deeper layers of the crust, the electric repulsion of the protons in the gnocchi is not fully sufficient to support the existence of the individual spheres, and they are crushed into long rods, which, depending on their length, can contain many thousands of nucleons. These rods are known as the spaghetti phase. Further compression causes the spaghetti phase rods to fuse and form sheets of nuclear matter called the lasagna phase. Further compression of the lasagna phase yields the uniform nuclear matter of the outer core. Progressing deeper into the inner crust, the holes in the nuclear pasta change from being cylindrical, called by some the bucatini phase or antispaghetti phase, into scattered spherical holes, which can be called the Swiss cheese phase.

    The nuclei disappear at the crust–core interface, transitioning into the liquid neutron core of the star.

    The pasta phases also have interesting topological properties characterized by homology groups."

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pasta

    Uncategorized

  • @dougmerritt saw an interesting question on Physics Stack Exchange.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    @dougmerritt - serious astrophysicists simulate neutron star collisions and how they create various isotopes. But that's too complicated for me to do anything but read about.

    The interior of a neutron star is popularly called "neutronium", but people with a certain higher level of scientific knowledge like to loudly avoid that word, since this stuff is actually a mix of neutrons, protons, electrons, pions, and even some heavier hadrons.

    For example, the Wikipedia article on neutronium:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronium

    starts by calling it a "hypothetical substance made entirely of neutrons" before admitting that this term is also used to mean the stuff in neutron stars.

    A more modern term is "nuclear pasta", and I recommend this article highly:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pasta

    Heck, I'll quote the fun part!

    (1/2)

    Uncategorized

  • @dougmerritt saw an interesting question on Physics Stack Exchange.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    @dougmerritt saw an interesting question on Physics Stack Exchange. Paraphrasing:

    When neutron stars merge, a large amount of nuclear material is ejected. Some of it turns into elements with plenty of protons. So a lot of neutrons must turn into protons. Some say this happens much faster than neutrons naturally decay into protons. The mean lifetime of a free neutron is 15 minutes - a very long time. What makes them turn into protons faster than this?

    The top rated answer sounds plausible to me. It says there are lots of positrons running around - plausible at high enough temperatures - and the reaction

    𝑛 + 𝑒⁺ → 𝑝 + ν̅ₑ

    converts neutrons to protons. Nice!

    Of course high-energy electrons can turn protons back into neutrons:

    𝑝 + 𝑒⁻ → 𝑛 + νₑ

    But these electrons will need to have *higher* energy than the positrons to do this, so we'll see more neutrons turning to protons than vice versa... unless the temperature is so high that this difference becomes negligible. In equilibrium at temperature 𝑇, the chance of a nucleon being a neutron equal to

    exp(−(𝑚ₙ−𝑚ₚ)𝑐²/𝑘T)

    times the chance it's a proton. This approaches 1 as 𝑇→ ∞. But at really high temperatures, the nucleons will bust apart into quarks. (I doubt colliding neutron stars get *that* hot.)

    These are just some instant thoughts. This sort of question really requires pretty serious calculations, or else better intuition for nuclear physics than I have! But it's fun:

    https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/861363/how-can-decompressing-neutronium-accelerate-beta-decay-to-form-heavy-elements

    Uncategorized

  • Things are getting even stranger:Peter Thiel is giving a series of lectures on the biblical Antichrist, organized by the Acts 17 Collective.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    Things are getting even stranger:

    Peter Thiel is giving a series of lectures on the biblical Antichrist, organized by the Acts 17 Collective. “Acts” stands for “Acknowledging Christ in Technology and Society”.

    In these talks, Thiel argues that the time is ripe for the Antichrist to rise to power, promising peace and safety by strangling technological progress with regulation.

    He has previously suggested that Greta Thunberg could be the Antichrist. Now he's being more cagey about who's the lucky winner.

    But okay: regulating big tech will bring in the Antichrist.

    Meanwhile, NVIDIA announced that it intends to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI, who in turn promises to build 10 gigawatts worth of data centers using NVIDIA tech - but in undisclosed locations, working with partners who have not yet been named. It may not ever happen, but it looks like circular financing where NVIDIA pays to get Sam Altman to buy its stuff, and the investors actually funding this are supposed to go along with it.

    The Antichrist is looking better every day....

    https://archive.li/HcoiM

    https://sfstandard.com/2025/09/23/spilled-peter-thiel-s-antichrist-secrets-now-s-banned-lectures/

    https://openai.com/index/openai-nvidia-systems-partnership/

    Uncategorized

  • We need an internet archive outside the US!
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    We need an internet archive outside the US! We can't put all our eggs in one basket.

    Oh, wait: we *have* an internet archive outside the US. Let's support it.

    And now they have an office - a physical presence.

    https://flaminghydra.com/freedom-and-sharing-at-the-internet-archive-europe/

    Uncategorized

  • Academia.edu's terms of service are so evil it's almost funny.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    @rpsu - my wife was trying to delete her Academia.edu account, which had gone dormant, and found that accessing her account in order to delete it required her to agree to the terms of service.

    Uncategorized

  • Academia.edu's terms of service are so evil it's almost funny.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    @rpsu - While what academia.edu is doing is illegal in Europe, they're still trying to do it to us here in Scotland. Their terms of service here say:

    "By creating an Account with Academia.edu, you grant us a worldwide, irrevocable, non-exclusive, transferable license, permission, and consent for Academia.edu to use your Member Content and your personal information (including, but not limited to, your name, voice, signature, photograph, likeness, city, institutional affiliations, citations, mentions, publications, and areas of interest) in any manner, including for the purpose of advertising, selling, or soliciting the use or purchase of Academia.edu's Services."

    Maybe you can see if they're different where you are:

    https://www.academia.edu/terms

    Uncategorized

  • Academia.edu's terms of service are so evil it's almost funny.
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    Academia.edu's terms of service are so evil it's almost funny. I'm surprised they don't make you give them your first-born son!

    But it looks like they mean it. I'm reading people saying things like:

    "I quit it when I got an email saying they had generated a podcast using AI based on one of my papers without my permission."

    and

    "I got off academia dot edu 5 or so years ago, when I discovered it was sending automatically-generated emails in my name without even telling me - I found out when a very senior member of the profession replied to one."

    https://bsky.app/profile/aidanmcglynn.bsky.social/post/3lz2macyqm22a

    Uncategorized

  • Good news here in Scotland!
    John Carlos Baezundefined John Carlos Baez

    Good news here in Scotland!

    "A grid-scale battery in the Scottish Highlands got a chance to prove its mettle in March when, 11 days after it started up, a massive wood-burning generator in Northern England shut down unexpectedly. Suddenly 1,877 megawatts of supply was missing, causing the 50-hertz frequency of the grid’s alternating current to crash below its 49.8-Hz operating limit in just 8 seconds.

    But the new 200-MW battery station leapt into action within milliseconds, releasing extra power to help arrest the frequency collapse and keep the grid running.

    Conventional fossil-fuel generators have historically helped thwart these kinds of problems. With the inertia of their spinning rotors, their kinetic energy provides a buffer against rapid swings in frequency and voltage. But the response in the Highlands was one of the world’s first examples of a grid-scale battery commissioned to do this kind of grid-stabilizing job.

    Without moving parts, the lithium battery storage site—the largest in Europe and located in Blackhillock, Scotland—simulates inertia using power electronics. And in an innovative twist, the battery site can also provide short-circuit current in response to a fault, just like conventional power generators.

    Four more of these battery sites are under construction in Scotland."

    The article goes on to explain a bit more about how these batteries work and why they're so important for the solar- and wind-powered future. (Amusing that it was unreliable *wood* power needing help this time.)

    https://spectrum.ieee.org/grid-scale-battery-scotland

    Uncategorized
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